Integrated pests management and food security: A mathematical analysis

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Mathematics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.

2 Department of Mathematics, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh--522503, India.

Abstract

The basic necessities of life are food, shelter and clothing. Food is more necessary because the existence of life depends on food. In order to foster global food security, integrated pest management (IPM), an environmentally-friendly program, was designed to maintain the density of pest population in the equilibrium level below the economic damage. For years, mathematics has been an ample tool to solve and analyze various real-life problems in science, engineering, industry and so on but the use of mathematics to quantify ecological phenomena is relatively new. While efforts have been made to study various methods of pest control, the extent to which pests’ enemies as well as natural treatment can reduce crop damage is new in the literature. Based on this, deterministic mathematical models are designed to investigate the prey-predator dynamics on a hypothetical crop field in the absence or presence of natural treatment. The existence and uniqueness of solutions of the models are examined using Derrick and Grossman’s theorem. The equilibria of the models are derived and the stability analysed following stability principle of differential equations and Bellman and Cooke’s theorem. The theoretical results of the models are justified by a means of numerical simulations based on a set of reasonable hypothetical parameter values. Results from the simulations reveal that the presence of pests’ enemies on a farm without application of natural treatment may not avert massive crop destruction. It is also revealed that the application of natural treatment may not be enough to keep the density of the pest population below the threshold of economic damage unless the rate of application of natural treatment exceeds the growth rate of the pest.

Keywords

Main Subjects


  • [1] J. I. Adenuga, K. B. Ajide, A. T. Odeleye, and A. A. Ayoade, Abundant natural resources, ethnic diversity and inclusive growth in sub-Saharan Africa: a mathematical approach, Application and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal, 16(2) (2021), 1221–1247.
  • [2] M. Z. Alam, Md. M. Haque, Md. S. Islam, E. Hossain, S. B. Hasan, S. B. Hasan, and Md. S. Hossain, Comparative study of integrated pest management and farmers practices on sustainable environment in the rice ecosystem, International Journal of Zoology, 2016 (2016), Article ID 7286040.
  • [3] A. A. Ayoade, O. Odetunde, and B. Falodun, Modeling and analysis of the impact of vocational education on the unemployment rate in Nigeria, Application and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM), 15(1) (2020), 550–564.
  • [4] A. A. Ayoade and P. I. Farayola, A mathematical modelling of economic restoration through agricultural revitalisation in Nigeria, Journal of Quality Measurement and Analysis, 17(1) (2021), 89–96.
  • [5] A. A. Ayoade and S. Thota, Functional Education as a Nexus between Agricultural and Industrial Revolution: An Epidemiological Modelling Approach, Uniciencia, 37(1)(2023), 1–16.
  • [6] W. I. Bajwa and M. Kogan, Compendium of IPM Definitions (CID), IPPC Publication, 998 (2002).
  • [7] J. R. Beddington, C. A. Free, and J. H. Lawton Characteristics of successful natural enemies in models of biological control of insect pests, Nature, 273(5663) (1978), 513–519.
  • [8] R. Bellman and K. L. Cooke, Differential-Difference Equations, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1963.
  • [9] S. K. Dara, The new integrated pest management paradigm for the modern age, Journal of Integrated Pest Management, 10(1) (2019), 1–9
  • [10] S. K. Dara, D. Peck, and D. Murray, Chemical and non-chemical option for managing two spotted spider mite, western tarnished plant bug and other arthropod pests in strawberries, Insect, 9 (2018), 156.
  • [11] J. L. Davies, P. Arnenguad, T. R. Larson, I. A. Graham, P. J. White, A. C. Newton, and A. Amtmann, Contrasting nutrient-disease relationship: potassium gradient in barley leaves have opposite effects on two fungal pathogens with different sensitivities to jasmonic acid, Plant, Cell Environ., 41(1) (2018), 2357–2372.
  • [12] N. Derrick and S. Grossman, Differential Equation with Application, Addision Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.: Reading, MA, USA, (1976).
  • [13] A. B. Dhahbi, Y. Chargui, S. M. Boulaaras, and S. B. Khalifa, A one-sided competition mathematical model for the sterile insect technique, Complexity, 2020, Article ID 6246808 (2020), 12 pages.
  • [14] A. B. Dhahbi, Y. Chargui, S. M. Boulaaras, S. B. Khalifa, W. Koko, and F. Alresheedi, Mathematical modelling of the sterile insect technique using different release strategies, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2020 (2020), Article ID 8896566.
  • [15] Food and Agricultural Organisation, Declaration on world food security, World Food Summit, FAO, Rome, (1996).
  • [16] A. Gassner, D. Harris, K. Mausch, A. Terheggen, C. Lopes, R. F. Finlayson, and P. Dobie, Poverty eradication and food security through agriculture in Africa: Rethinking objectives and entry points, J. Pest Sci., 48(4) (2019), 309–315.
  • [17] E. O. Gogo, M. Saidi, J. M. Ochieng, T. Martin, V. Baird, and M. Ngouajio, Microclimate Modification and Insect Pest Exclusion Using Agronet Improve Pod Yield and Quality of French Bean, HortScience horts, 49(10) (2014), 1298–1304.
  • [18] K. Havas and M. Salman, Food security: its components and challenges, Int. J. Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health, 4(1) (2011), 4–11.
  • [19] Z. Y. He, A. Abbes, H. Jahanshahi, N. D. Alotaibi, and Y. Wang, Fractional-order discrete-time SIR epidemic model with vaccination: chaos and complexity, Mathematics, 10(2) (2022), 165.
  • [20] A. K. Hodson and B. D. Lampinen, Effects of cultivars and leaf traits on the abundance of Pacific spider mites in almond orchards, Arthropod Plant Interact, 13 (2019), 453–463.
  • [21] D. L. Jaquette, Mathematical models for controlling growing biological populations: a survey, Operations Research, 20(6) (1972), 1142–1151.
  • [22] S. Jand and T. K. Kar, A mathematical study of a prey-predator model in relevance to pest control, Nonlinear Dynamics,74(3) (2013), 667–683.
  • [23] K. S. Jatav and J. Dhar, Hybrid approach for pest control with impulsive releasing of natural enemies and chemical pesticides: a plant-pest-natural enemy model, Nonlinear Analysis:Hybrid Systems, 12(2014), 79–92.
  • [24] F. Jin, Z. S. Qianz, Y. M. Chu, and M. Rahman, On nonlinear evolution model for drinking behaviour under Caputo-Fabrizio derivative, J. Appl. Anal. Comput., 12(2) (2022), 790–806.
  • [25] S. Karmaker, F. Y. Ruhi, and U. K. Mallic, Mathematical analysis of a model on guava for biological pest control, Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems, 5(4) (2020), 427-440.
  • [26] M. Kogan, Integrated pest management: Historical perspectives and contemporary developments, Annual Review of Entomology, 43 (1998), 243–270.
  • [27] N. Kunjwal and R. M. Srivastava, Insect pests of vegetables, Pests and their management, Springer, Singapore, (2018), 163–221.
  • [28] L. A. Lacey, Microbial control of insect and mite pests: from theory to practice, Academic Press, London, United Kingdom, (2017).
  • [29] H. J. Leach, E. Moses, P. Hanson, Fanning, and R. Isaacs, Rapid harvest schedules and fruit removal as nonchemical approaches for managing spotted wing Drosophila, J. Pest Sci., 47 (2017), 42–53
  • [30] Y. Li, Z. Teng, K. Wang, and A. Muhammadhaji, Dynamic analysis of general integrated pest management model with double impulsive control, Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2015 (2015), Article ID 839097.
  • [31] M. Liao, J. Ing, J. PaezChavez, and M. Wiercigroch, Bifurcation techniques for stiffness identification of an impact oscillator, Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation,41 (2016), 19–31.
  • [32] B. Liu, Y. Wang and B. Kang, Dynamics on a pest management SI model with control strategies of different frequencies, Nonlinear Analysis: Hybrid Systems, 12 (2014), 66–78.
  • [33] B. Liu, G. Hu, B. Kang and X. Huang, Analysis of a hybrid pest management model incorporating pest resistance and different control strategies, Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 17(5) (2020), 4364–4383.
  • [34] M. R. Mehrnejad, Investigation into the overwintering and winter management of the common pistachio psyllid Agonoscena pistaciae (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), a major pest in pistachio plantations, Zoology and Ecology, 28 (2018), 384–388.
  • [35] W. R. Morrison, D. H. Lee, B. D. Short, A. Khrimian, and T. C. Leskey, Establishing the behavioral basis for an attract-and-kill strategy to manage the invasive Halyomorpha halys in apple orchards, J. Pest Sci., 89(1) (2016), 81–96.
  • [36] J. Paez Chavez, Y. Liu, E. Pavlovskaia, and M. Wiercigroch, Path-following analysis of the dynamical response of a piecewise-linear capsule system, Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 37 (2016), 102–114.
  • [37] J. Paez Chavez, A. Voigt, J. Schreiter, U. Marschner, S. Siegmund, and A. Richter, A new self-excited chemofluidic oscillator based on stimuli-responsive hydrogels :Mathematical modeling and dynamic behavior, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 40(3) (2016), 1339–1351.
  • [38] J. Paez Chavez, A. Voigt, J. Schreiter, U. Marschner, S. Siegmund, and A. Richter, A new self-excited chemofluidic oscillator based on stimuli-responsive hydrogels: Mathematical modeling and dynamic behavior, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 40(23-4) (2016), 1339–1351.
  • [39] J. Paez Chavez, D. Jungmann, and S. Siegmund, Modeling and analysis of integrated pest control strategies via impulsive differential equations, International Journal of Differential Equations, 2017 (2017), Article ID 1820607.
  • [40] J. Paez Chavez, D. Jungmann, and S. Siegmund, A comparative study of integrated pest management strategies based on impulsive control, Journal of Biological Dynamics, 12(1) (2018), 318–341.
  • [41] C. Shoemaker, Optimization of agricultural pest management II: formulation of a control model, Mathematical Biosciences, 17(3-4) (1973), 357–365.
  • [42] S. Thota and A. A. Ayoade, On dynamical analysis of a prey-diseased predator model with refuge in prey, Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences, 15(6) (2021), 717–721.
  • [43] S. Thota. A three species ecological model with Holling Type-II functional response, Information Science Letters, 10(3) (2021), 439–444.
  • [44] S. Thota, On An Ecological Model of Mutualisim between Two Species with A Mortal Predator, Applications and Applied Mathematics, 15(2) (2020), 1309–1322.
  • [45] USDA-ARS (United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service), A national road map for integrated pest management, 2018.
  • [46] K. Wickwire, Mathematical models for the control of pests and infectious diseases: a survey, Theoretical Population Biology. An International Journal, 11(2) (1977), 182–238.
  • [47] Z. H. Zhang and Y.H. Suo, Stability and sensitivity analysis of a plant disease model with continuous cultural control strategy, Journal of Applied Mathematics, Article ID 207959, 2014 (2014).